Sandhi of hindi Vyakarn
sandhi in hindi | sandhi kee paribhaasha, bhed aur udaaharan
– hindee vyaakaran sandhi –
SANDHI:-
do varnon ya dhvaniyon ke sanyog se hone vaale vikaar (parivartan) ko sandhi kahate hain.
sandhi karate samay kabhee–kabhee ek akshar mein, kabhee–kabhee donon aksharon mein parivartan hota hai aur kabhee–kabhee donon aksharon ke sthaan par ek teesara akshar ban jaata hai.
is sandhi paddhati dvaara bhee shabd–rachana hotee hai;
jaise-
sur + indr = surendr,
vidya + aalay = vidyaalay,
sat + aanand = sadaanand.
in shabd khandon mein pratham khand ka antyaakshar aur doosare khand ka prathamaakshar milakar ek bhinn varn ban gaya hai, is prakaar ke mel ko sandhi kahate hain.
sandhi hindee sandhi mein vishay :
sandhi udaaharan (sandhi udaharan)
sandhi vyaakaran (sandhi vyakaran)
vyanjan sandhi (vyanjan sandhi)
deergh sandhi udaaharan (daiairgh sandhi udaharan)
sandhi vikshed (sandhi vikshaid)
sandhi sanskrt mein (sandhi sanskrut maiin)
sanskrt sandhi sootr (sanskrt sandhi sootr)
visarg sandhi udaaharan (visarg sandhi udaaharan)
ayaadi sandhi ke udaaharan (ayadi sandhi kai udaaharan)
sandhi vichchhed (sandhi vichhchhaid)
sandhiyaan teen prakaar kee hotee hain
🔘1⃣svar sandhi
1 gun sandhi
2 vrddhi sandhi
3 ayaadi sandhi
4 yan sandhi
🔘2⃣ vyanjan sandhi
🔘3⃣visarg sandhi
1. svar sandhi svar ke saath svar ka mel hone par jo vikaar hota hai, use svar sandhi kahate hain. svar sandhi ke paanch bhed hain-
(i) deergh sandhi savarn hrasv ya deergh svaron ke milane se unake sthaan mein savarn deergh svar ho jaata hai. vargon ka sanyog chaahe hrasv + hrasv ho ya hrasv + deergh aur chaahe deergh + deergh ho, yadi savarn svar hai to deergh ho jaega. is sandhi ko deergh sandhi kahate hain; jaise sandhi – udaaharan a + a = aa – pushp + avalee = pushpaavalee a + aa = aa – him + aalay = himaalay aa + a = aa – maaya + adheen = maayaadheen aa + aa = aa – vidya + aalay = vidyaalay i + i = ee – kavi + ichchha = kaveechchha i + ee = ee – haree + eesh = hareesh i + i = ee – mahee + indr = maheendr i + ee = ee – nadee + eesh = nadeesh u + u = oo – su + ukti = sookti u + oo = oo – sindhu + oormi = sindhoomi oo + u = oo – vadhoo + utsav = vadhootsav oo + oo = oo – bhoo + oordhv = bhool r+ r = r – maat + rn = maatan gun sandhi jab a athava aa ke aage ‘i’ athava ‘ee’ aata hai to inake sthaan par e ho jaata hai. isee prakaar a ya aa ke aage u ya oo aata hai to o ho jaata hai tatha a ya aa ke aage r aane par ar ho jaata hai. doosare shabdon mein, ham is prakaar kah sakate hain ki jab a, aa ke aage i, ee ya ‘u’, ‘oo’ tatha ‘r’ ho to kramash: e, o aur ar ho jaata hai, ise gun sandhi kahate hain; jaise- a, aa + ee, ee = e a, aa + u, oo = o a, aa + r = ar sandhi – udaaharan a + i = e – up + indr = upendr a + ee = e – gan + eesh = ganesh aa + i = e – maha + indr = mahendr aa + ee = e – rama + eesh = ramesh a + u = o – chandr + uday = chandroday a + oo = o – samudr + oormi = samudrormi aa + u = o – maha + utsav = mahotsav aa + oo = o – ganga + urmi = gangormi a + r = ar – dev + rshi = devarshi aa + r = ar – maha + rshi = maharshi vrddhi sandhi jab a ya aa ke aage ‘e’ ya ‘ai’ aata hai to donon ka ai ho jaata hai. isee prakaar a ya aa ke aage ‘o’ ya ‘au’ aata hai to donon ka au ho jaata hai, ise vrddhi sandhi kahate hain; jaise- sandhi – udaaharan a + e = ai – putr + eshana = putraishana a + ai = ai – mat + aiky = mataiky aa + e = ai – sada + ev = sadaiv aa + ai = ai – maha + aishvary = mahaishvary a + o = au – jal + okas = jalaukas a + au = au – param + aushadh = paramaushadh aa + o = au – maha + oshadhi = mahaushadhi aa + au = au – maha + audaary = mahaudaary yan sandhi jab i, ee, u, oo, r ke aage koee bhinn svar aata hai to ye kramash: ya, va, ra, l mein parivartit ho jaate hain, is parivartan ko yan sandhi kahate hain; jaise- i, ee + bhinn svar = va u, oo + bhinn svar = va r + bhinn svar = ra sandhi – udaaharan i + a = y – ati + alp = atyalp ee + a = y – devee + arpan = devyarpan u + a = v – su + aagat = svaagat oo + aa = va – vadhoo + aagaman = vadhvaagaman r + a = r – pitr + aagya = pitraagya
(v) ayaadi sandhi jab e, ai, o aur au ke baad koee bhinn svar aata hai to ‘e’ ka ay, ‘ai’ ka aay , ‘o’ ka av aur ‘au’ ka aav ho jaata hai; jaise- e + bhinn svar = ay ai + bhinn svar = aay o + bhinn svar = av au + bhinn svar = aav sandhi – udaaharan e + a = ay – ne + ayan = nayan ai + a = aay – nai + ak = naayak o + a = av – po + an = pavan au + a = aav – pau + ak = paavak .
vyanjan sandhi vyanjan ke saath vyanjan ya svar ka mel hone se jo vikaar hota hai, use vyanjan sandhi kahate hain. vyanjan sandhi ke pramukh niyam is prakaar hain (ka) yadi sparsh vyanjanon ke pratham akshar arthaat k, ch, t, t, ke aage koee svar athava kisee varg ka teesara ya chautha varn athava ya, ra, la, va aae to ka.ch.ta. ta. pake sthaan par usee varg ka teesara akshar arthaat ka ke sthaan par ga, ch ke sthaan par ja, ta ke sthaan par da, ta ke sthaan par da aur pa ke sthaan par ‘ba’ ho jaata hai; jaise- dik + ambar = digambar vaak + eesh = vaageesh ach + ant = ajant shat + aanan = shadaanan sat + aachaar = sadaachaar sup + sant = subant ut + ghaatan = udghaatan tat + roop = tadroop (kh) yadi sparsh vyanjanon ke pratham akshar arthaat k, ch, t, t, p ke aage koee anunaasik vyanjan aae to usake sthaan par usee varg ka paanchavaan akshar ho jaata hai; jaise- vaak + may = vaanmay shat + maas = shanmaas
ut + matt = unmatt ap + may = ammay (ga) jab kisee hrasv ya deergh svar ke aage chh aata hai to chh ke pahale ch badh jaata hai; jaise- pari + chhed = parichchhed aa + chhaadan = aachchhaadan lakshmee + chhaaya = lakshmeechchhaaya pad + chhed = padachchhed grh + chhidr = grhachchhidr (gh) yadi m ke aage koee sparsh vyanjan aae to m ke sthaan par usee varg ka paanchavaan varn ho jaata hai; jaise- sham + kar = shankar ya shankar sam + chay = sanchay gham + ta = ghanta sam + tosh = santosh svayam + bhoo = svayambhoo (na) yadi ma ke aage koee antasth ya ooshm vyanjan aae arthaat ya, ra, la, v, sh, sh, s, ha aae to ma anusvaar mein badal jaata hai; jaise- sam + saar = sansaar sam + yog = sanyog svayam + var = svayanvar sam + raksha = sanraksha (ch) yadi t aur d ke aage j ya jh aae to ‘j’, ‘jh’, ‘ja’ mein badal jaate hain; jaise- ut + jval = ujjval vipad + jaal = vipajjaal sat + jan = sajjan sat + jaati = sajjaati (chh) yadi t, d ke aage sh aae to t, d ka ch aur sh ka chh ho jaata hai. yadi t, d ke aage ha aae to t ka d aur ha ka dh ho jaata hai; jaise- sat + chit = sachchit tat + shareer = tachchhareer ut + haar = uddhaar tat + hit = taddhit (ja) yadi ch ya j ke baad n aae to n ke sthaan par ya yaanja ho jaata hai; jaise- yaj + na = yagy yaach + na = yaaja (jh) yadi a, aa ko chhodakar kisee bhee svar ke aage s aata hai to bahudha s ke sthaan par sh ho jaata hai; jaise- abhi + sek = abhishek vi + sam = visham ni + sedh = nishedh su + supt = sushupt (ba) sh ke pashchaat ta ya th aane par usake sthaan par kramash: ta aur th ho jaata hai; jaise- aakrsh + ta = aakrsht tush + ta = tusht prsh + th = prshth shash + th = shashth (ta) r, ra, sh ke baad ‘na’ aae aur inake madhy mein koee svar ka varg, pa varg, anusvaar ya, va, ha mein se koee varn aae to ‘na’ = ‘na’ ho jaata hai; jaise- bhar + an = bharan bhoosh + an = bhooshan raam + ayan = raamaayan pari + maan = parimaan r + na = rn 3. visarg sandhi visargon ka prayog sanskrt ko chhodakar sansaar kee kisee bhee bhaasha mein nahin hota hai. hindee mein bhee visargon ka prayog nahin ke baraabar hota hai. kuchh ine-gine visargayukt shabd hindee mein prayukt hote hain; jaise- at:, punah, praayah, shanaih shanaih aadi. hindee mein manah, tejah, aayuh, harih ke sthaan par man, tej, aayu, hari shabd chalate hain, isalie yahaan visarg sandhi ka prashn hee nahin uthata. phir bhee hindee par sanskrt ka sabase adhik prabhaav hai. sanskrt ke adhikaansh vidhi nishedh hindee mein prachalit hain. visarg sandhi ke gyaan ke abhaav mein ham vartanee kee ashuddhiyon se mukt nahin ho sakate. at: isaka gyaan hona aavashyak hai. visarg ke saath svar ya vyanjan ke sanyog se jo vikaar hota hai, use visarg sandhi kahate hain. isake pramukh niyam nimnalikhit hain- (ka) yadi visarg ke aage sh, sh, sa aae to vah kramashah sh, e, s, mein badal jaata hai; jaise nih + shank = nishshank duh + shaasan = dushshaasan nih + sandeh = nissandeh ni: + sang = nissang nih + shabd = nishshabd nih + svaarth = nissvaarth (kh) yadi visarg se pahale i ya u ho aur baad mein ra aae to visarg ka lop ho jaega aur i tatha u deergh ee, oo mein badal jaenge; jaise- nih + rav = neerav nih + rog = neerog nih + ras = neeras (ga) yadi visarg ke baad ‘ch-chh’, ‘ta-th’ tatha ‘ta-th’ aae to visarg kramashah ‘sh’, ‘sh’, ‘s’ mein badal jaate hain; jaise- nih + taar = nistaar du: + charitr = dushcharitr nih + chhal = nishchhal dhanu: + tankaar = dhanushtankaar nih + thur = nishthur (gh) visarg ke baad ka, kh, pa, ph rahane par visarg mein koee vikaar (parivartan) nahin hota; jaise- praat: + kaal = praat:kaal payah + paan = payahpaan antah + karan = antahkaran (na) yadi visarg se pahale ‘a’ ya ‘aa’ ko chhodakar koee svar ho aur baad mein varg ke trteey, chaturth aur pancham varn athava ya, ra, la, va mein se koee varn ho to visarg ‘ra’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- duh + nivaar = durnivaar duh + bodh = durbodh nih + gun = nirgun ni: + aadhaar = niraadhaar nih + dhan = nirdhan nih + jhar = nirjhar (ch) yadi visarg se pahale a, aa ko chhodakar koee any svar aae aur baad mein koee bhee svar aae to bhee visarg r mein badal jaata hai; jaise- ni: + aasha = niraasha nih + eeh = nireeh nih + upaay = nirupaay nih + arthak = nirarthak (chh) yadi visarg se pahale a aae aur baad mein ya, ra, la, va ya ha aae to visarg ka lop ho jaata hai tatha visarg ‘o’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- manah + vikaar = manovikaar man: + rath = manorath purah + hit = purohit manah + ram = manoram (ja) yadi visarg se pahale i ya u aae aur baad mein ka, kh, pa, ph mein se koee varn aae to visarg ‘sh’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- nih + karm = nishkarm nih + kaam = nishkaam ni: + karun = nishkarun nih + paap = nishpaap nih + kapat = nishkapat nih + phal = nishphal
vyanjan sandhi
vyanjan ke saath vyanjan ya svar ka mel hone se jo vikaar hota hai, use vyanjan sandhi kahate hain.
vyanjan sandhi ke pramukh niyam is prakaar hain
(1) yadi sparsh vyanjanon ke pratham akshar arthaat क, च, ट, त, प ke aage koee svar athava kisee varg ka teesara ya chautha varn athava ya, ra, la, va(य, र, ल, व) aae to क,च,ट,त ,प ake sthaan par usee varg ka teesara akshar arthaat क ke sthaan par ग, च ke sthaan par ज, ट ke sthaan par ड, त ke sthaan par द aur प ke sthaan par ‘ब’ ho jaata hai;
jaise-
dik + ambar = digambar
vaak + eesh = vaageesh
ach + ant = ajant
shat + aanan = shadaanan
sat + aachaar = sadaachaar
sup + sant = subant
ut + ghaatan = udghaatan
tat + roop = tadroop
(2) yadi sparsh vyanjanon ke pratham akshar arthaat क, च, ट, त, प ke aage koee anunaasik vyanjan aae to usake sthaan par usee varg ka paanchavaan akshar ho jaata hai;
jaise-
vaak + may = vaanmay
shat + maas = shanmaas
ut + matt = unmatt
ap + may = ammay
(3) jab kisee hrasv ya deergh svar ke aage छ aata hai to छ ke pahale च badh jaata hai;
jaise-
pari + chhed = parichchhed
aa + chhaadan = aachchhaadan
lakshmee +chhaaya=lakshmeechchhaaya
pad + chhed = padachchhed
grh + chhidr = grhachchhidr
(4) yadi म ke aage koee sparsh vyanjan aae to म ke sthaan par usee varg ka paanchavaan varn ho jaata hai;
jaise-
sham + kar = shankar
sam + chay = sanchay
gham + ta = ghanta
sam + tosh = santosh
svayam + bhoo = svayambhoo
(5) yadi म ke aage koee antasth ya ooshm vyanjan aae arthaat य, र, ल, व, श,ष,स,ह aae to ma anusvaar mein badal jaata hai;
jaise-
sam + saar = sansaar
sam + yog = sanyog
svayam + var = svayanvar
sam + raksha = sanraksha
(6) yadi त aur द ke aage ज ya झ aae to ‘ज’, या ‘झ’, ‘ज’ mein badal jaate hain;
jaise-
ut + jval = ujjval
vipad + jaal = vipajjaal
sat + jan = sajjan
sat + jaati = sajjaati
(7) yadi त, द ke aage स aae to त, द ka च aur स ka छ ho jaata hai. yadi त, द ke aage ha aae to त ka द aur ह ka ध ho jaata hai;
jaise- sat + chit = sachchit
tat + shareer = tachchhareer
ut + haar = uddhaar
tat + hit = taddhit
(8) yadi च ya ज ke baad न aae to न ke sthaan par य yaanja ho jaata hai;
jaise-
yaj + na = yagy
yaach + na = yaajna
(9) yadi अ, आ ko chhodakar kisee bhee svar ke aage स aata hai to bahudha स ke sthaan par ष ho jaata hai;
jaise- abhi + sek = abhishek
vi + sam = visham
ni + sedh = nishedh
su + supt = sushupt
(10) sh ke pashchaat ta ya th aane par usake sthaan par kramash: ta aur th ho jaata hai; jaise- aakrsh + ta = aakrsht tush + ta = tusht prsh + th = prshth shash + th = shashth
(11) र, ra, ke baad ‘न’ aae aur inake madhy mein koee svar क वर्ग, प वर्ग , अनुस्वार या व, ha mein se koee varn aae to ‘न’ = ‘ण’ ho jaata hai;
jaise-
bhar + an = bharan
bhoosh + an = bhooshan
raam + ayan = raamaayan
pari + maan = parimaan
visarg sandhi
visargon ka prayog sanskrt ko chhodakar sansaar kee kisee bhee bhaasha mein nahin hota hai.
hindee mein bhee visargon ka prayog nahin ke baraabar hota hai.
kuchh ine-gine visargayukt shabd hindee mein prayukt hote hain;
jaise-
punah, praayah, shanaih shanaih aadi.
hindee mein manah, tejah, aayuh, harih ke sthaan par man, tej, aayu, hari shabd chalate hain, isalie yahaan visarg sandhi ka prashn hee nahin uthata. phir bhee hindee par sanskrt ka sabase adhik prabhaav hai. sanskrt ke adhikaansh vidhi nishedh hindee mein prachalit hain. visarg sandhi ke gyaan ke abhaav mein ham vartanee kee ashuddhiyon se mukt nahin ho sakate. at: isaka gyaan hona aavashyak hai. visarg ke saath svar ya vyanjan ke sanyog se jo vikaar hota hai, use visarg sandhi kahate hain. isake pramukh niyam nimnalikhit hain-
(1) yadi visarg ke aage श, ष, स aae to vah kramashah ष, इ, स, mein badal jaata hai; jaise
nih + shank = nishshank
duh + shaasan = dushshaasan
nih + sandeh = nissandeh
ni: + sang = nissang
nih + shabd = nishshabd
nih + svaarth = nissvaarth
(2) yadi visarg se pahale i ya u ho aur baad mein ra aae to visarg ka lop ho jaega aur i tatha u deergh ee, oo mein badal jaenge; jaise- nih + rav = neerav nih + rog = neerog nih + ras = neeras
(3) yadi visarg ke baad ‘ch-chh’, ‘ta-th’ tatha ‘ta-th’ aae to visarg kramashah ‘sh’, ‘sh’, ‘s’ mein badal jaate hain; jaise- nih + taar = nistaar du: + charitr = dushcharitr nih + chhal = nishchhal dhanu: + tankaar = dhanushtankaar nih + thur = nishthur
(4) visarg ke baad ka, kh, pa, ph rahane par visarg mein koee vikaar (parivartan) nahin hota; jaise- praat: + kaal = praat:kaal payah + paan = payahpaan antah + karan = antahkaran
(5) yadi visarg se pahale ‘a’ ya ‘aa’ ko chhodakar koee svar ho aur baad mein varg ke trteey, chaturth aur pancham varn athava ya, ra, la, va mein se koee varn ho to visarg ‘ra’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- duh + nivaar = durnivaar duh + bodh = durbodh nih + gun = nirgun ni: + aadhaar = niraadhaar nih + dhan = nirdhan nih + jhar = nirjhar
(6) yadi visarg se pahale a, aa ko chhodakar koee any svar aae aur baad mein koee bhee svar aae to bhee visarg r mein badal jaata hai; jaise- ni: + aasha = niraasha nih + eeh = nireeh nih + upaay = nirupaay nih + arthak = nirarthak
(7) yadi visarg se pahale a aae aur baad mein ya, ra, la, va ya ha aae to visarg ka lop ho jaata hai tatha visarg ‘o’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- manah + vikaar = manovikaar man: + rath = manorath purah + hit = purohit manah + ram = manoram
(8) yadi visarg se pahale i ya u aae aur baad mein ka, kh, pa, ph mein se koee varn aae to visarg ‘sh’ mein badal jaata hai; jaise- nih + karm = nishkarm nih + kaam = nishkaam ni: + karun = nishkarun nih + paap = nishpaap nih + kapat = nishkapat nih + phal = nishphal
